Surveys and Studies


Understanding cancer survivors’ information needs and information-seeking behaviors for complementary and alternative medicine from short- to long-term survival: a mixed-methods study


Lou Ann Scarton, Guilherme Del Fiol, Ingrid Oakley-Girvan, Bryan Gibson, Robert Logan, T. Elizabeth Workman


doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2018.200

Received February 2017: Accepted September 2017

ABSTRACT

Objective

The research examined complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) information-seeking behaviors and preferences from short- to long-term cancer survival, including goals, motivations, and information sources.

Methods

A mixed-methods approach was used with cancer survivors from the “Assessment of Patients’ Experience with Cancer Care” 2004 cohort. Data collection included a mail survey and phone interviews using the critical incident technique (CIT).

Results

Seventy survivors from the 2004 study responded to the survey, and eight participated in the CIT interviews. Quantitative results showed that CAM usage did not change significantly between 2004 and 2015. The following themes emerged from the CIT: families’ and friends’ provision of the initial introduction to a CAM, use of CAM to manage the emotional and psychological impact of cancer, utilization of trained CAM practitioners, and online resources as a prominent source for CAM information. The majority of participants expressed an interest in an online information-sharing portal for CAM.

Conclusion

Patients continue to use CAM well into long-term cancer survivorship. Finding trustworthy sources for information on CAM presents many challenges such as reliability of source, conflicting information on efficacy, and unknown interactions with conventional medications. Study participants expressed interest in an online portal to meet these needs through patient testimonials and linkage of claims to the scientific literature. Such a portal could also aid medical librarians and clinicians in locating and evaluating CAM information on behalf of patients.

INTRODUCTION

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) refers to health care systems and products that are not commonly used in conventional medicine [1]. CAM includes many modalities such as yoga, chiropractic, special diets, meditation, and biologically based therapies such as dietary supplements. The use of CAM therapies by cancer patients is well documented, with current usage rates as high as 50% in the United States [25]. Studies have suggested positive effects from the use of CAM in the management of the psychological and emotional impact of cancer [6, 7].

When faced with a cancer diagnosis, many patients seek further information on CAM as a means of understanding their options, for a sense of hope and control, and for alternative options when the prognosis is poor [8, 9]. In this process, patients often become frustrated with what they find, particularly when they receive conflicting messages pertaining to the efficacy of CAM treatments [8, 10, 11]. Authoritative information resources and tools are needed to help patients identify and understand CAM options.

In the absence of such resources, patients often rely on anecdotal evidence, or “social proof.” Social proof is a consumer behavior where people will conform to the action of others. For example, in online shopping, social proof is often found in product reviews. Similarly, in CAM information-seeking, social proof could be found through patient testimonials [12]. Attitudes toward social proof are suggested in a recent study of CAM information seeking. One participant in that study stated, “I just kind of figured it would work well because it was a suggestion that I had heard from so many other people” [12].

To design CAM resources, it is necessary to understand the information-seeking behaviors of CAM consumers. Prior studies have focused on cross-sectional quantitative end points without considering long-term trends. One study examined the information-seeking roles of patients and caregivers [13]. The main source for CAM information was anecdotal through family and friends, with female family members playing a major role in steering male family members toward CAM use. This is not surprising, as studies have shown that women make up to 80% of the health care decisions for their families in the United States [14]. A Canadian study suggested that in many cases, patients would prefer to receive CAM information from trusted resources, such as their oncologists, but physicians were often not equipped to provide the necessary information [15].

Librarians have a professional interest in CAM information resources [16], which in part is fueled by patron requests for CAM-oriented information. In 2004, Gillaspy noted a sustained interest among consumers for information on CAM therapies [17]. In a survey of librarians, participants recorded an average comfort-level score of 3.2 (on a scale of 1–5) in responding to CAM-related information requests [18]. Professional resources supporting CAM information provision include databases [19] and website reviews [20], a study of student attitudes [21], other research published in library-focused journals, and a Medical Library Association CAM Special Interest Group. A Google search using the phrase “libguide complementary and alternative medicine” revealed that several libraries, in particular academic libraries, did provide some online guidance in locating CAM information. The outcomes of this study can further assist librarians by helping them better understand consumers’ CAM information needs and information-seeking behavior and the types of resources that can serve them.

The goal of the present study was to investigate CAM information needs and information-seeking behaviors among a cohort of long-term cancer survivors. The authors employed a mixed-method approach that consisted of a survey and in-depth interviews with Flanagan’s critical incident technique (CIT). The CIT is useful for addressing detailed questions around individuals’ motivations and decision making by eliciting in-depth stories of events. The CIT accomplishes these goals by helping the interviewee recall significant experiences that were factors in making a health care decision [19, 20]. Specifically, we looked at whether CAM use changed over time, what patients’ goals for CAM use were, where they found information, how they evaluated that information, and what their preferences were for a hypothetical CAM portal.

METHODS

Theoretical framework

Our study was guided by a theoretical framework composed of two theories: “Uses and Gratification Theory” (UGT) [21] and the “Health Belief Model” (HBM) [22]. These theories provided a template to guide research questions, questionnaire design, interview questions, and data analysis.

The UGT suggests that consumers seek specific mass media because they fulfill some utilitarian (uses) and emotional (gratifications) needs. The UGT provides a framework to assess the underlying motivations for consumers to seek information via the Internet or other mass media. This theory proposes that people utilize media that fulfill their needs, which fosters gratification derived from information seeking [23]. All categories of the UGT needs were applicable in our study: (1) cognitive: the desire to be informed and educated; (2) affective: satisfaction of emotional needs, such as by commiserating with another cancer patient; (3) personal integrative: self-esteem needs are met by gaining credibility such as supporting and advising other patients; (4) social integrative: the need to socialize, share experiences, and gain support from others; and (5) tension free: the use of mass media to escape from perceived reality. The UGT guided the investigation of the types of resources that would be most valuable to patients in their information-seeking processes.

The HBM examines how perceptions can be used to explain certain health behaviors [22]. Several constructs that were derived from this theory guided the investigation of the various events that triggered CAM information seeking and use. These constructs included (1) perceived threat: belief of the chances of succumbing to their disease or treatment side-effects; (2) perceived benefit: the belief in the efficacy of a treatment; and (3) perceived barriers: concerns about the impediments to successful treatment. For example, an individual’s perceived threat could motivate a need to understand his or her options to respond to clinical events such as initial diagnosis, recurrence, and adverse effects of treatments. The construct of perceived benefit may play a role in the decision to use CAM, especially when anecdotal evidence suggests that other patients have experienced positive outcomes in the use of CAM.

Participants

Participants were recruited from those enrolled in the 2004 “Assessment of Patients’ Experience with Cancer Care” (APECC) study. APECC was population-based study that used telephone screening and mailed questionnaires to enroll 623 cancer survivors to assess their experiences with follow-up care [24]. Therefore, this cohort provided the opportunity to examine information-seeking patterns over a long-term cancer management experience.

In November 2014, 82% (510/623) of the original APECC study participants were alive. The authors sent study surveys to all these individuals and asked if they were interested in participating in the CIT interviews. Packets were mailed to potential participants between January and May of 2015.

The study was approved by University of Utah Institutional Review Board (IRB) #00068256 and the California Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects (CPHS) IRB #13-10-1383.

Study design

Our mixed-methods approach consisted of a survey followed by CIT phone interviews of a subset of respondents. This approach combines the power of numbers and the power of stories [25, 26]. A convergent design was used where the quantitative and qualitative data collections were done sequentially, and the results were integrated after data analysis. The qualitative results provided a more detailed understanding of both significant and nonsignificant results reported by the survey.

Survey

The CAM section from the original APECC survey was utilized in the current study to compare CAM usage over time (1994 to 2015). Additional sections were added to assess Internet use, details on information sources for CAM, and interest in various functionalities possible in an online information sharing portal. Some of the new questions were formed based on the UGT and HBM (Table 1). The complete survey and phone interview script are available in online supplemental Appendixes A and B.

Table 1 Theory, constructs, and sample survey questions

Theory Construct Sample survey question
Uses and Gratification Theory (UGT) Cognitive

Affective

Social integrative

Personal integrative

Tension free
If we designed an online tool for cancer survivors to share CAM information such as CAMs used, good and bad outcomes, and the ability for patients with the same cancer to speak directly with one another, how useful would you find this tool? Would this satisfy your information needs?
    Please rate each portal function by interest:
  Affective Find others with similar cancer
  Social integrative Read testimonies of patients with similar cancer
Personal integrative Participate in open discussions about CAM use
  Cognitive Generate reports for shared decision making
Health Belief Model (HBM) Perceived benefit What are the major reasons you used any of these [CAM] therapies?
    For which of these CAM therapies did you consult a CAM practitioner (e.g., chiropractor, naturopathic doctor)?
  Perceived barriers Did you discuss your use of these CAM therapies with your follow-up practitioner?

Phone interviews

The CIT [19] was used to elicit in-depth stories related to CAM information seeking that patients considered to be critical in their cancer management. A critical incident is any event in a cancer trajectory that motivates a need to search for alternatives. This technique is also tied to the HBM, in particular via the construct of perceived threat or perceived severity as well as all categories of the UGT (Table 2).

Table 2 Theories, constructs, and sample phone interview questions

Theory Construct or category Sample phone interview question
UGT Cognitive

Affective

Personal integrative

Social integrative

Tension free
Consider the tools available in social networking today such as communicating person-to-person, blogging, sharing links, and sending attachments, etc. What features of a site like this would you find essential for meeting your CAM information needs?
HBM Perceived threat

Perceived severity

Perceived benefit
What caused you to seek out information on this particular product?
UGT Cognitive How did you assess the effectiveness and safety of a CAM?
UGT Tension free Did you have any frustrations or concerns with the information-seeking process?

The CIT interviews consisted of five steps: (1) incident identification, (2) incident overview, (3) timeline, (4) deepening, and (5) what-if scenarios. Incident identification asked the participants to recall a specific CAM therapy that they believed was salient in meeting their wellness goals at the point when CAM was first considered. Next, participants provided an overview of their information-seeking experience. After the overview, a timeline was created, and major events such as diagnosis, recurrence, and cancer progression were identified as potential triggering events.

The description of a cancer timeline was intended to help participants recall specific events that might have caused them to seek CAM options [27]. By defining the timeline from diagnosis to the time of the interview (i.e., into long-term survivorship), the interviewees were better able to recall specific behaviors at the various points in the trajectory. The timeline was followed by a deepening phase, in which participants were asked to provide details on each event of the timeline. Participants also were asked about details such as how they were initially introduced to a CAM, how they evaluated its effectiveness, and what, if any, frustrations or concerns they experienced with the information-seeking process. The interview ended with the discussion of “what-if” scenarios related to a hypothetical CAM information-sharing portal in order to identify which functionalities (e.g., forums, testimonials) would be useful, as well as any concerns about the use of such a tool.

Data analysis

Quantitative analysis

Descriptive statistics were calculated for demographics and CAM use for 2015 respondents and nonrespondents. Chi-square (McNemar’s test) was used to determine if there were significant differences where subjects were paired, and Pearson chi-square was used for unpaired subjects. Fisher’s exact test was used for unpaired groups that did not meet the assumptions of chi-square tests. Finally, Spearman’s rank correlation was used to determine if there was an association between participant demographics and interest in the functionalities available in an online CAM portal. Statistical analyses were done using Stata 14.0 and RStudio 0.99.447.

Qualitative analysis

The CIT interviews were recorded, transcribed, and independently analyzed by two coders using thematic analysis [2830]. Each transcript was coded and analyzed using inductive coding and constant comparison. Emergent codes were independently entered into a codebook in Atlas.ti, and constant comparison was used to compare early codes with those from subsequent interviews. Throughout the process, new codes were identified and prior codes were refined and organized into higher level concepts, eventually leading to salient themes.

RESULTS

Overview

Seventy subjects (13.7%) responded to the survey. Four surveys were returned uncompleted, and 42 were returned undeliverable. Twenty-two (31.4%) of the 70 subjects returning the survey also returned a signed consent form for the phone interview. Of these, 8 (11.4%) were interviewed, 2 did not answer or return the calls, and the remaining 12 either did not seek CAM information or exclusively turned to prayer.

Demographics

Participant demographics are summarized in Table 3. The mean age of the 2015 study respondents was 70.1 years, and the mean age of nonrespondents was 73.1 years. Respondents were more educated than nonrespondents, with 90% having at least some college as opposed to 80.1% of nonrespondents. The 2015 respondents also had higher income levels than nonrespondents.

Table 3 2015 Demographics of respondents and nonrespondents

Demographic 2015 Respondents 2015 Nonrespondents p-value
Age (Years)          
Younger than 50 3 (4.3%) 27 (6.1%)  
50–64 16 (22.9%) 85 (19.3%)  
65–74 27 (38.6%) 126 (28.6%)  
75 or older 24 (34.3%) 202 (45.9%)  
Age total 70 (100.0%) 440 (100.0%) 0.209
Education level          
High school or less 7 (10.0%) 88 (20.0%)  
Some college/vocational school 15 (21.4%) 145 (33.0%)  
College graduate 20 (28.6%) 87 (19.8%)  
Some graduate school/graduate 28 (40.0%) 120 (27.3%)  
Education total 70 (100.0%) 440 (100.0%) 0.009
Gender          
Male 52 (74.3%) 236 (53.6%)  
Female 18 (25.7%) 204 (46.4%)  
Gender total 70 (100.0%) 440 (100.0%) 0.001
Race          
Hispanic 6 (8.6%) 34 (7.7%)  
White 56 (80.0%) 323 (73.4%)  
Asian 6 (8.6%) 58 (13.2%)  
Other 2 (2.9%) 25 (5.7%)  
Race total 70 (100.0%) 440 (100.0%) 0.57
Income level          
Less than $20,000 3 (4.5%) 52 (12.8%)  
$20,000–$39,999 2 (3.0%) 62 (15.2%)  
$40,000–$59,999 12 (18.2%) 60 (14.7%)  
$60,000–$74,999 5 (7.6%) 62 (15.2%)  
$75,000–$99,999 14 (21.2%) 58 (14.3%)  
$100,000–$119,999 12 (18.2%) 37 (9.1%)  
$120,00 or more 18 (27.3%) 76 (18.7%)  
Income total 66 (100.0%) 407 (100.0%) 0.001

Quantitative results

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use

We examined the overall use of CAM, changes in the specific CAM modalities used, and use of CAM practitioners by respondents between 2004 and 2015. Although there was no significant change in use of the various CAM modalities, there was a significant increase in use of CAM practitioners. Out of the seventy respondents to the 2015 survey, sixty-one also provided this information in the 2004 study (Table 4).

Table 4 CAM usage patterns for those reporting usage in both 2004 and 2015 surveys (n=61)

CAM 2004 2015 p-value
n (%) n (%)
Special diets 16 (26.2%) 18 (29.5%) 0.802
Movement therapies 10 (16.4%) 14 (23.0%) 0.299
Supplementation 8 (13.1%) 6 (9.8%) 0.724
Homeopathy 2 (3.3%) 1 (1.6%) >0.99
Mind and body 10 (16.4%) 8 (13.1%) 0.752
Oriental therapies 4 (6.6%) 5 (8.2%) >0.99
Self help 4 (6.6%) 6 (9.8%) 0.752
Psych 4 (6.6%) 6 (9.8%) 0.724
Faith healing 7 (11.5%) 4 (6.6%) 0.505
Prayer 28 (45.9%) 22 (36.1%) 0.181
Overall CAM use 37 (60.7%) 36 (59.0%) >0.99
CAM use excluding prayer 35 (57.4%) 29 (47.5%) 0.146
Used CAM practitioners 6 (9.8%) 16 (26.2%) 0.004

CAM information sharing portal

Figure 1 shows participants’ interest in web portal functionality for helping meet CAM information needs. More than half of the study population indicated interest in each option, with the exception of participating in forums.

 


 

Figure 1 Interest in online portal functionality

There were statistically significant associations for both gender and age with the following portal functions: connecting with other patients, testimonials, and CAMs being used. Women and younger people expressed higher interest in those CAM portal functions. Income and education were not significantly correlated with interest in CAM portal functionality (Table 5).

Table 5 Spearman correlations between demographics and interest in portal functionality (n=55)

  Connecting with others Testimonials CAMs being used Participating in forums Generating reports
Age –0.419* –0.399* –0.439* –0.264 –0.379*
Education –0.034 0.022 0.109 0.002 0.068
Income 0.099 0.036 0.169 0.064 0.152
Gender 0.380* 0.341* 0.276* 0.227 0.210

55/70 completed this portion of the survey.

* p<0.05

Qualitative results: critical incident interviews

Thematic analysis

The thematic analysis resulted in the following themes.

You go to very dark places when you get sick. I hit my breaking point many years ago, then I started feeling like I was going to give up. I got back into the program of yoga and deep breathing…I tell people you have to build yourself a little tool chest. Those tools can be group meetings, mentoring calls, yoga, it can be this, all these little things that keep you busy promoting your wellness. I really like that metaphor of my little tool kit, and I pull it out when I feel like this.

I went to a Naturopath and got some of the candida in my body out and we started to clean me up from all the toxins I was under from eating the normal American diet, the wrong foods and that kind of stuff, over the years.

Online! Totally. I’m always looking at online things and trying to make connections. I’m just kind of curious because I’m a Chemist so I have a lot of curiosity about the science behind it.

[A]t that point, I was kind of letting my Mom, you know, I kind of put my trust in her and let her make those decisions. She was the one that had access to information.

Interest in functionality for an online information-sharing portal

Study participants rated their interest in functionality that could be available through an online CAM information sharing portal. The functionality discussed includes the following.

There was a point where I told my Oncologist that I was depressed, and his answer was, “well, we’ll prescribe you some Prozac”,…but I didn’t want a drug, I didn’t want a pill, I don’t want Prozac. I wanted to just be able to communicate. I’m depressed because I don’t know what I’m going through, I don’t understand what I’m going through, there’s no one I know that can relate to what I’m going through, and it’s like everything is unknown, there’s no outlet, and that’s what I was trying to tell him.

That’s really great. If you were diagnosed with something that gave you six months to live, and you talked to someone that said “I’ve tried this”, they said I only had six months to live, but I’m talking to you several years later, how much better is that going to make you feel, just because it increases your chance of survival.

I value my anonymity, I wouldn’t want people to know who I was, but at the same time, I would like to share my story. You know, if it would be of benefit to other people, and I would like to know what other people have to say, but I don’t necessarily need to know who people are.

Yeah, and my gut tells me he wouldn’t just say don’t do that, he would tell me why he thinks that. I’m not going to just go out and try something without talking to my doctors first, if I think it’s going to help me, or give me more energy, or boost my blood levels so they aren’t just at normal or below normal all the time, I would definitely have to talk to someone first. I would definitely look at the web site, see what’s going on, make some notes reminding me to talk to my doctors the next time I call them, hey, have you heard anything about this? I would definitely have to have the conversation with my doctors first.

DISCUSSION

To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate cancer survivors’ CAM information needs and information-seeking behaviors using a mixed-methods approach. This study has multiple strengths, including recruitment from an existing cohort of cancer survivors and a theory-guided, mixed-methods approach. Utilizing an existing cohort from the 2004 APECC study facilitated comparison over time with previously collected data on CAM usage and information sources.

Overall CAM usage was high (60% reported using CAM), with no significant difference between 2004 and 2015. The primary motivation for CAM use was to manage the emotional and psychological impact of cancer and its treatments, and participants were usually left to seek options from outside sources [8]. More than 50% of the surveyed long-term survivors expressed interest in an online information sharing portal for CAM. The phone interviews indicated that use of anecdotal sources is still prevalent, and study subjects go online to find evidence from the scientific literature, seek social networks for further information on the use of a CAM, and search consumer health information sites such as WebMD®.

While assessing the reasons that survivors sought CAM options, we found that the primary motivators were the threat of treatment and posttreatment recovery. These motivations were consistent with the perceived threat construct in the HBM as well as the perceived benefit, which was consistent with a similar study of patients with Lyme disease [31]. Patients’ psychological distress resulted in searches for options and increased CAM use. CAM use has been shown to provide patients with a sense of hope and control and may be motivated by multiple categories of the UGT, including cognitive, affective, and tension free.

Of the more than 50% expressing interest in an online information sharing portal for CAM, women and younger participants expressed greater interest. The role of women in information-seeking and health care decision making for family members is well documented [14, 15]. The phone interviews documented similar behaviors amongst women and men. Two of the eight interviewees indicated that their CAM usage was driven primarily by women in their lives; in one case, the mother, and in another, a wife.

Fewer than 50% of respondents expressed interest in discussion forums. The qualitative results suggested concerns over privacy. Multiple phone interviewees said they would actively participate in forums if participation was anonymous.

Similar to a previous study, we found that there was a large gap in cancer patients’ needs in both dealing with the psychological and emotional aspects of the diagnosis and treatments, as well as recovering strength and overall health after treatment. In a previous study, Kent et al. found “ notable proportion of survivors of leukemia, bladder, and colorectal cancer reported symptom bother and unmet supportive care needs months or years beyond their cancer diagnosis” [32], which might have resulted in ongoing CAM needs across the cancer continuum.

Community and medical libraries might use findings from this study to guide how they provide resources and services to patrons with CAM information needs. First, libraries can help patients to evaluate evidence-based resources through criteria such as the Health on the Net (HON) Code. Second, librarians can educate patients on how to maintain privacy and anonymity while using online forums. Finally, a library’s website can provide a starting point to assist with the aforementioned services as well as others related to CAM information. These efforts could be expanded to develop an online CAM portal guided by the results of the current study.

Several portals address some of the consumer needs exposed in this paper. Life Extension is a supplement company that links claims of efficacy to the scientific literature. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database provides information on the efficacy of various CAM modalities, with links to supporting literature. A third resource, Patients Like Me, is the only portal that supports patient input. Overall, the results of this study could be used to improve these portals to meet consumer needs for CAM.

This study has several implications for future research. Participants in our study suggested health information portals would be particularly valuable if anecdotal claims were linked to the scientific literature as further support of the efficacy and safety of a CAM treatment. The lack of significant changes in CAM usage patterns many years into survivorship poses interesting questions for follow-up studies on why long-term survivors continue to use CAM at a high rate. Although one such study exists, it focuses on mind-body therapies and reports a decline in use in long-term survivorship, which is inconsistent with our findings [33]. A suggested future study could assess issues pertaining to cancer survivorship and what new CAMs patients use to address treatment-related issues such as radiation damage, nerve damage, and mood disorders.

This study has several limitations. First, the respondents to the current study were more highly educated and were from a higher income bracket. This might indicate higher health literacy as well as greater access to web-based resources. Second, the survey had a small response rate (13.7%), introducing selection bias. Third, the original sample was drawn from the Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry, a population-based registry that contributes to the SEER program. As documented by Arora and colleagues [24], compared with the eligible nonrespondents, respondents were more highly educated, had a higher income level, and were mostly male. Finally, the CAM information-seeking critical incidents often occurred several years ago, compromising the participants’ recall of details. Given the study’s limitations, the findings’ generalizability to the full US cancer survivor population cannot be assessed. However, the current study’s results contribute to a growing CAM literature and provide additional data to generate future research.

Supplemental Files

Appendix ASurvey
Appendix BPhone interview script

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research has been supported by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) training grant no. T15LM007124. A portion of Ingrid Oakley-Girvan’s time was supported by funds from the Stanford Cancer Institute.

The collection of cancer incidence data used in this study was supported by the California Department of Public Health pursuant to California Health and Safety Code section 103885; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) National Program of Cancer Registries, under cooperative agreement 5NU58DP003862-04/DP003862; and the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program, under contract HHSN261201000140C awarded to the Cancer Prevention Institute of California, contract HHSN261201000035C awarded to the University of Southern California, and contract HHSN261201000034C awarded to the Public Health Institute.

The ideas and opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the State of California, Department of Public Health; the National Cancer Institute; and the CDC or their contractors and subcontractors.

REFERENCES

1 Chao MT, Wade C, Kronenberg F. Disclosure of complementary and alternative medicine to conventional medical providers: variation by race/ethnicity and type of CAM. J Natl Med Assoc. 2008 Nov;100(11):1341–9. Epub 2008/11/26.
cross-ref  pubmed  pmc  

2 Wilkinson JM, Stevens MJ. Use of complementary and alternative medical therapies (CAM) by patients attending a regional comprehensive cancer care centre. J Complement Integr Med. 2014 Jun;11(2):139–45.
cross-ref  pubmed  

3 Huebner J, Muenstedt K, Prott FJ, Stoll C, Micke O, Buentzel J, Muecke R, Senf B. Online survey of patients with breast cancer on complementary and alternative medicine. Breast Care (Basel). 2014 Feb;9(1):60–3.
cross-ref  

4 Paul M, Davey B, Senf B, Stoll C, Münstedt K, Mücke R, Micke O, Prott FJ, Buentzel J, Hübner J. Patients with advanced cancer and their usage of complementary and alternative medicine. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2013 Sep;139(9):1515–22.
cross-ref  pubmed  

5 Eng J, Ramsum D, Verhoef M, Guns E, Davison J, Gallagher R. A population-based survey of complementary and alternative medicine use in men recently diagnosed with prostate cancer. Integr Cancer Ther. 2003 Sep;2(3):212–6.
cross-ref  

6 Bar-Sela G, Danos S, Visel B, Mashiach T, Mitnik I. The effect of complementary and alternative medicine on quality of life, depression, anxiety, and fatigue levels among cancer patients during active oncology treatment: phase II study. Support Care Cancer. 2015 Jul;23(7):1979–85.
cross-ref  

7 Sasagawa M, Martzen MR, Kelleher WJ, Wenner CA. Positive correlation between the use of complementary and alternative medicine and internal health locus of control. Explore (NY). 2008 Jan–Feb;4(1):38–41.
cross-ref  

8 Verhoef MJ, Trojan L, Armitage GD, Carlson L, Hilsden RJ. Complementary therapies for cancer patients: assessing information use and needs. Chronic Dis Can. 2009;29(2).
pubmed  

9 Ebel MD, Rudolph I, Keinki C, Hoppe A, Muecke R, Micke O, Muenstedt K, Huebner J. Perception of cancer patients of their disease, self-efficacy and locus of control and usage of complementary and alternative medicine. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2015 Aug;141(8):1449–55.
cross-ref  pubmed  

10 Weeks L, Balneaves LG, Paterson C, Verhoef M. Decision-making about complementary and alternative medicine by cancer patients: integrative literature review. Open Med. 2014 Apr 15;8(2):e54–66.
pubmed  pmc  

11 Huebner J, Senf B, Micke O, Muecke R, Stoll C, Prott FJ, Muenstedt K, Dennert G, working group Prevention and Integrative Oncology (PRIO) of the German Cancer Society. Online information on complementary and alternative medicine for cancer patients: evidence-based recommendations. Onkologie. 2013;36(5):273–8.
cross-ref  pubmed  

12 Verhoef MJ, Mulkins A, Carlson LE, Hilsden RJ, Kania A. Assessing the role of evidence in patients’ evaluation of complementary therapies: a quality study. Integr Cancer Ther. 2007 Dec;6(4):345–53.
cross-ref  pubmed  

13 Evans M, Shaw A, Thompson EA, Falk S, Turton P, Thompson T, Sharp D. Decisions to use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by male cancer patients: information-seeking roles and types of evidence used. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2007 Aug 4;7:25.
cross-ref  pubmed  pmc  

14 Matoff-Stepp S, Applebaum B, Pooler J, Kavanagh E. Women as health care decision-makers: implications for health care coverage in the United States. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2014 Nov;25(4):1507–13.
cross-ref  pubmed  

15 Balneaves LG, Weeks L, Seely D. Patient decision-making about complementary and alternative medicine in cancer management: context and process. Curr Oncol. 2008 Aug;15(supp 2):s94–s100.
cross-ref  pubmed  pmc  

16 Crumley ET. Exploring the roles of librarians and health care professionals involved with complementary and alternative medicine. J Med Libr Assoc. 2006 Jan;94(1):81–9.
pubmed  pmc  

17 Gillaspy M. Factors affecting the provision of consumer health information in public libraries: the last five years. Libr Trends. 2005 Winter;53(3):480–95.

18 Linnan LA, Wildemuth BM, Gollop C, Hull P, Silbajoris C, Monnig R. Public librarians as a resource for promoting health: results from the Health for Everyone in Libraries Project (HELP) librarian survey. Health Promot Pract. 2004 Apr;5(2):182–90.
cross-ref  pubmed  

19 Urquhart C, Light A, Thomas R, Barker A, Yeoman A, Cooper J, Armstrong C, Fenton R, Lonsdale R, Spink S. Critical incident technique and explication interviewing in studies of information behavior. Libr Inf Sci Res. 2003;25(1):63–8.
cross-ref  

20 Pihl Lesnovska K, Hollman Frisman G, Hjortswang H, Börjeson S. Critical situations in daily life as experienced by patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2016 May–Jun 6;39(3):195–203.
cross-ref  pubmed  pmc  

21 Ruggiero T. Uses and gratifications theory in the 21st century. Mass Commun Soc. 2000;3(1):3–37.
cross-ref  

22 Janz NB, Becker MH. The health belief model: a decade later. Health Educ Q. 1984;11(1):1–47.
cross-ref  pubmed  

23 Whiting A, Williams D. Why people use social media: a uses and gratifications approach. Qualitative Mark Res. 2013;16(4):362–9.
cross-ref  

24 Arora NK, Reeve BB, Hays RD, Clauser SB, Oakley-Girvan I. Assessment of quality of cancer-related follow-up care from the cancer survivor’s perspective. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Apr 1;29(10):1280–9.
cross-ref  pubmed  pmc  

25 Pluye P, Hong QN. Combining the power of stories and the power of numbers: mixed methods research and mixed studies reviews. Annu Rev Public Health. 2014;35:29–45.
cross-ref  

26 Brennen BS. Qualitative research methods for media studies. 1st ed. New York, NY; London, UK: Routledge; 2012. p. 248.

27 Hope L, Mullis R, Gabbert F. Who? what? when? using a timeline technique to facilitate recall of a complex event. J Applied Res Mem Cognit. 2013 Mar;2(1):20–4.
cross-ref  

28 Tippens KM, Chao MT, Connelly E, Locke A. Patient perspectives on care received at community acupuncture clinics: a qualitative thematic analysis. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013 Oct 29;13:293.
cross-ref  pubmed  pmc  

29 Boyatzis R. Transforming qualitative information. Thousand Oaks, CA; London, UK; New Delhi, India: SAGE Publications; 1998.

30 Patton MQ. Qualitative research and evaluation methods. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 2002. p. xxiv, 598, 65.

31 Ali A, Vitulano L, Lee R, Weiss TR, Colson ER. Experiences of patients identifying with chronic Lyme disease in the healthcare system: a qualitative study. BMC Fam Pract. 2014 May 1;15:79.
cross-ref  pubmed  pmc  

32 Kent E MS, Oakley-Girvan I, Arora NK. Symptom reporting and symptom management among cancer survivors with colorectal cancer, bladder cancer, and leukemia. Presented at: Biennial Conference on Cancer Survivorship; Arlington, VA; June 14–16, 2012.

33 Campo RA, Leniek KL, Gaylord-Scott N, Faurot KR, Smith S, Asher G, Porterfield D, Gaylord SA. Weathering the seasons of cancer survivorship: mind-body therapy use and reported reasons and outcomes by stages of cancer survivorship. Support Care Cancer. 2016 Sep;24(9):3783–91.
cross-ref  pubmed  pmc  


(Return to Top)


Lou Ann Scarton, louann.scarton@utah.edu, Graduate Student, Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah–Salt Lake City

Guilherme Del Fiol, guilherme.delfiol@utah.edu, Assistant Professor, Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah–Salt Lake City

Ingrid Oakley-Girvan, Ingrid.Oakley-Girvan@cpic.org, Research Scientist II, Cancer Prevention Institute of California; Consulting Assistant Professor, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine; and Member, Stanford Cancer Institute, Cancer Prevention Institute of California

Bryan Gibson, bryan.gibson@utah.edu, Assistant Professor, Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah–Salt Lake City

Robert Logan, robert_logan@nlm.nih.gov, Communications Research Scientist, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD

T. Elizabeth Workman, liz.workman@utah.edu, Research Associate, University of Utah–Salt Lake City


Articles in this journal are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

This journal is published by the University Library System of the University of Pittsburgh as part of its D-Scribe Digital Publishing Program and is cosponsored by the University of Pittsburgh Press.


Journal of the Medical Library Association, VOLUME 106, NUMBER 1, January 2018